About Cytomegalovirus or CMV
CDC photo.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Cytomegalovirus, often called CMV, is a common virus that infects people of all ages. In the United States, nearly 1 in 3 children is already infected with CMV by age 5. Over half of adults have been infected with CMV by age 40.
Once CMV is in a person’s body, it stays there for life and can reactivate. A person can also be re-infected with a different strain of the virus.
Signs and symptoms
Most people with CMV show no signs or symptoms and aren’t aware that they have been infected.
In healthy people
Sometimes, infection in healthy people can cause mild illness, such as:
• Fever.
• Sore throat.
• Fatigue.
• Swollen glands.
• Mononucleosis (usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus).
• Hepatitis (liver problems).
In people with weakened immunity
If you have a weakened immune system and get CMV, you can have more serious symptoms affecting the eyes; lungs; liver; esophagus; stomach; and intestines.
In babies
Babies born with CMV can have brain, liver, spleen, lung, and growth problems. The most common long-term health problem in babies born with CMV infection is hearing loss. This may be detected soon after birth or may develop later in childhood.
Who is at risk
Anyone can get CMV. Some people are at higher risk for complications from CMV, like those who are pregnant or have weakened immune systems.
If you are pregnant and infected with CMV, you can pass CMV to your developing baby. When a baby is born with a CMV infection, it is called congenital CMV.
About 1 in 200 babies is born with congenital CMV infection. About 1 in 5 babies with congenital CMV infection will have birth defects or other long-term health problems.
How it spreads
Children are a common source of CMV. The virus can stay in a child’s body fluids for months after the infection. People who are often around young children are more likely to get infected.
People with CMV can pass the virus through body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk.
An infected person can spread CMV:
• From direct contact with saliva or urine, especially from babies and young children.
• Through sexual contact.
• From breast milk to nursing infants.
• Through transplanted organs and blood transfusions.
Prevention during pregnancy
You can lower your chances of getting CMV by reducing contact with saliva (spit) and urine from babies and young children.
Make sure you:
• Do not share food, utensils, cups, or pacifiers with a child.
• Wash your hands with soap and water after changing diapers or helping a child to use the toilet.
Testing and diagnosis
Healthcare providers can order blood tests to identify CMV infection in adults who have symptoms. However, blood is not the best fluid to test newborns with suspected CMV infection.
Saliva or urine tests are preferred for newborns. These tests must be done within 2 to 3 weeks of birth to confirm if the baby has congenital CMV.
Treatment and recovery
Healthy people who are infected with CMV usually do not require medical treatment.
Medications called antivirals are available to treat:
• CMV infection in people who have weakened immune systems.
• Babies with signs of congenital CMV at birth.
• Valganciclovir is an antiviral that might improve hearing and developmental outcomes in babies. It can have serious side effects and has only been studied in babies with signs of congenital CMV infection. There is limited information on the effectiveness of valganciclovir to treat infants with hearing loss alone.
Hearing checks and therapies can help
Children with congenital CMV should have regular hearing and vision checks. There are other services a child may need to help them develop strong language and communications skills.
What the CDC is doing
The CDC aims to reduce the burden of congenital CMV. It works closely with national experts to conduct research and increase awareness of CMV among the public and healthcare providers.
Specific activities include:
• Research
• Evaluating the various laboratory tests for newborn screening for CMV.
• Determining the most effective screening approaches to identify babies with congenital CMV.
• Characterizing the impact of the disease in various populations.
• Assessing the long-term outcomes of children with congenital CMV.
Education by the CDC
Updating the CDC's CMV website - www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/congenital-infection/index.html - to include the latest information about congenital CMV.
Developing and disseminating communication resources to educate pregnant women, parents, and healthcare providers about congenital CMV.
Working with partners to ensure our messages about congenital CMV reach healthcare providers, pregnant parents, and parents of children born with congenital CMV.
Promoting National CMV Awareness Month in June.